It is widely known that climate change is happening much faster and that its effects are much more pronounced in the Arctic region than in other regions of the planet [1,2,3,4]. Marine ecosystems of this region are warming twice as fast as the global average and are expected to have the largest species turnover with regard to invading and locally extinct species [5]. The effects of climate change on fragile Indigenous communities in the Arctic region are subject to active scientific and social debate, especially in the context of Indigenous rights and tensions between traditional and modern economic activities [6,7,8,9]. Indigenous communities in the remote parts of the Arctic, whose traditional livelihood is based on hunting, gathering, fishing, and the herding of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), are confronted with an all-encompassing environmental change that concerns the climate, structure, and functions of the ecosystems that they rely on as well as social and economic conditions [10,11]. All these factors influence the livelihood of local Indigenous communities and their resilience to climate-induced environmental and social change [12]. Reindeer herding in the North is also severely affected in Finland, Norway, and Russia. The effects of climate change on reindeer herding in the Russian Arctic has been studied extensively in Nenets and Yamalo Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The papers demonstrate that Nenets reindeer herders observe multiple effects of climate change, such as recurrent thaws and frosts, causing mass mortality of reindeer in certain years and growing inconvenience with crossing rivers that remain unfrozen in late fall. However, reindeer herders on the mainland can still adapt and cope with these effects. In Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, there is a cumulative effect of climate change with overgrazing, land extraction by oil companies, and the difficult socio-economic situation. Therefore, adaptation to the current situation is becoming harder [13,14,15,16,17,18].
A dramatic situation was observed on Kolguev Island in Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where the whole population of reindeer died. Several factors caused reindeer death; however, climate change was the official explanation provided by local experts [19].
The effects of climate change on the Kola Peninsula were studied less than in Nenets and in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug; there are only a few studies on this topic [20,21,22].
It is well known that with warming, Arctic aquatic habitats are changing, which affects fish populations. In the coming decades, changes in the dynamics of aquatic species may change dramatically, with the following changes in the food web: Fish are expected to move into new waters, affecting the fishing practices not only of commercial fishermen, but of Indigenous and local people. New fisheries management and societal implications of the changing climate in the Russian Arctic have become widely addressed by both natural and social scientists [23,24,25,26].
There are still very few studies on the effects of climate change on Pomor fishermen living on the shores of the White Sea [27,28,29].
Given the limited amount of research on the adaptation of Indigenous communities in the Kola Peninsula and on the shores of the White Sea, comparisons between different Indigenous practices and their adaptation to climate change are missing. To fill this gap, we studied the practices of adaptation in several communities of Saami and Komi-Izhemtsy reindeer herders and Pomor fishermen in the Kola Peninsula, Murmansk Region and Onega Peninsula, and Arkhangelsk Region, with a focus on day-to-day practices and the yearly cycle of activities.
Our research questions are:

• How does the interplay of social and environmental factors determine traditional reindeer herding and fishing in the Russian North in the context of climate change, including seasonal changes?
• What are the differences and similarities between reindeer herding and fishing in terms of the socio-ecological issues that local communities are facing and the mechanisms of coping with them?
• What are the strategies of adaptation employed by fishermen and reindeer herders, and how are these strategies impacted by weather patterns and biotic factors?

This paper starts with the Methodology section followed by the theoretical framework, in which we choose resilience theory combined with the actor–network theory as an analytical lens. In the next sections, we analyze reindeer herding and fishing practices affected by economic, social, and environmental factors. In the discussion section, we compare the case studies, highlighting findings via chosen theoretical optics, and, in the last section, we draw conclusions.

Our research was conducted in 2019–2021 during expeditions to the Kola Peninsula (8–14 August 2019 and 12–25 April 2021) and to two coastal zones of the White Sea: the Summer Coast in Arkhangelsk Oblast (2–12 September 2019; 19–30 July 2021) and the Tersky Coast in Murmansk Oblast (14–24 August 2019 and 19 September 2021–4 October 2021) (see Figure 1 ).

We traveled to six settlements in Murmansk Oblast, Kola Peninsula: Lovozero, Krasnoschelye, Umba, Varzuga, Kuzomen, and Kuzreka, and two settlements in Arkhangelsk Oblast: Lopshenga and Yarenga (see Figure 2 a,b). The scope of our study included the seasonal cycle of reindeer herding practiced by Saami and Komi-Izhemtsy Indigenous Peoples as well as the socio-economic condition of reindeer herding cooperatives. The expeditions to the Umba and Varzuga settlements on the Tersky Coast and the Lopshenga and Yarenga settlements in Primorsky District focused on the seasonal cycles of species subject to commercial and subsistence fishing (such as Atlantic salmon, humpback salmon, herring, and saffron cod), the operation of the “Vskhody Kommunizma” fishermen cooperative, and recreational fishing, and their impact on the local community.